Great question — answering as the UphillTech team:
An 08001 error occurs when an ODBC connection to a SQL Server database fails. You've mentioned two things that stand out: this works on your local development machine the SQL Server instance is running (perhaps) at another cloud provider As the connection works from your local machine, the Username/Password is likely correct, but you will want to check. The most likely culprit, however, is going to be the firewall. Confirm that the Ubuntu Server's IP address is permitted through the firewall for the Windows Server running SQL Server. The following ports will need to be available: TCP: 1433, 4022, 135, 1434 UDP: 1434
Full answer by matigo: https://askubuntu.stackexchange.com/a/1366293 (CC BY-SA 4.0).
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