Great question — answering as the UphillTech team:
Generally, footwear is a part of the basic compulsory equipment, i.e. no player can play barefoot: The basic compulsory equipment of a player comprises the following separate items: […] footwear ( FIFA Laws of the Game 2015/2016 , Law 4 – The Players’ Equipment) However, that does not mean the player would have to stop playing immediately should he lose a shoe; a player can score a goal even after losing a shoe a few moments before: If a player loses his footwear accidentally and immediately plays the ball and/or scores a goal, there is no infringement and the goal is awarded because he lost his footwear by accident. ( Interpretation of the Laws of the Game and Guidelines for Referees...
Full answer by Mormegil: https://sports.stackexchange.com/a/13338 (CC BY-SA 3.0).
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