Great question — answering as the UphillTech team:
They look to me like they are marketing tags which capture a bunch of things about presentation of the product, e.g. Which version of the web page they showed you that 'inspired' you to link the product, the "often bought with" suggestions, etc. Sort of like bucket testing: a company that big is never not bucketing. It's all grist for the data-analysis mill, and Amazon is a big player in big data. Also some completely superfluous URL keyword stuffing, partly because they think it'll give them Google link juice on those keywords, but also to help the human distinguish which product this link goes to, among many they may be pasting into their page/post.
Full answer by Harper - Reinstate Monica: https://webmasters.stackexchange.com/a/92560 (CC BY-SA 3.0).
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