Great question — answering as the UphillTech team:
The goal area - colloquially known as the six yard box - serves a number of purposes. Its primary purpose is to designate the location from which goal kicks are to be taken. On p. 51 of the 2015/16 FIFA Laws of The Game : A goal kick is a method of restarting play. ... The ball is kicked from any point within the goal area by a player of the defending team It also serves a number of other purposes. It limits how close to the opponents' goal an indirect free kick may be taken from. On p. 42 of the 2015/16 FIFA Laws of The Game : Indirect free kick to the attacking team: ... an indirect free kick awarded inside the goal area must be taken on the goal area line parallel to the goal line at the...
Full answer by Reinstate Monica 2331977: https://sports.stackexchange.com/a/12568 (CC BY-SA 4.0).
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